A +ve family history in 1st-degree relatives was present in nearly half of the subjects.
SUBJECTS & METHODS
0Duration of study: 3 years from January 1990 to December 1992.
Total no. of subjects: 192.
Inclusive criteria: All pregnant women registered for antenatal care & delivery who were not known to be diabetics were included.
Every registrant was subjected to glucose challenge test with 50g glucose load.
Blood glucose exceeding 130mg% 1 hour after glucose ingestion was considered as positive & followed by a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test with 100 g glucose load.
Total no. of subjects: 192.
Inclusive criteria: All pregnant women registered for antenatal care & delivery who were not known to be diabetics were included.
Every registrant was subjected to glucose challenge test with 50g glucose load.
Blood glucose exceeding 130mg% 1 hour after glucose ingestion was considered as positive & followed by a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test with 100 g glucose load.
Women with negative result were retested at 24 weeks gestation.
GDM was diagnosed on basis of O'Sullivan's criteria.
Plasma glucose values of 105mg%, 190mg%, 165mg%, 145mg% for fasting, 1hour, 2hour & 3hour samples were considered abnormal.
To give diagnosis of GDM, 2 readings had to exceed or equal these values.
A detailed history of every woman was noted, followed by an extensive physical examination.
Diet free of refined sugar was prescribed.
It comprised 30-35 calories/kg ideal body weight/day divided into 3 main meals, 2 in-between snacks & 1 bedtime snack.
Glycemic level was closely monitored.
If after a week of dietary restrictions, optimal control (fasting blood glucose (FBG) 95mg% & 2-hour post prandial 125mg%) was not achieved, insulin therapy was started.
Home blood-glucose monitoring, though highly desirable, could not be practised for economic reasons.
Each subject was seen every 2 weeks until end of pregnancy.
Spontaneous labour was allowed unless contraindicated.
After delivery, dietary restrictions & insulin were withdrawn & blood glucose was monitored.
The infants birth weights were noted.
INTRODUCTION
0Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was first described as diabetes occurring "only during pregnancy, being absent other times", by Duncan in 1982.
GDM is currently defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy not excluding glucose intolerance that may have antedated pregnancy.
GDM is associated with macrosomia & stillbirth.
GDM is currently defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy not excluding glucose intolerance that may have antedated pregnancy.
GDM is associated with macrosomia & stillbirth.
Both of these complications are preventable as they are related to degree of maternal glycemic control.
True prevalence of glucose intolerance during pregnancy in Pakistan is still to be determined.
Small hospital-based studies have given figures of 3.2% for GDM & 1.9% for impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).
This study was conducted to determine prevalence of GDM & its effect on perinatal mortality & fetal size.
P.M.A NOTICE FOR S.C.A
0
Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a leading cause of death all over the world.
Learn To Save Lives – Learn Basic Life Support
PMA joins hands with
Association of Pakistani-Decent Cardiologists of North America (APCNA)
Registration: Fee of Rs.300/ (for course material/test/ certificate/ tea).
Date: The course is being held on Thursday 15th July 2010
at 9:30 am to 1 pm. 25 participants will be enrolled on first come basis.
Venue: PMA House, Sir Aga Khan Road . Karachi
Many SCA victims can survive if bystanders act immediately while ventricular fibrillation (VF) is still present but successful resuscitation is unlikely once the rhythm deteriorates to asystole.
The American Heart Association uses 4 links in a chain the “Chain of Survival”
Early recognition of the emergency and activation of the emergency medical services
Early bystander CPR: immediate CPR can double or triple the victims chance of survival from VF SCA
Early delivery of a shock with a defibrillator: CPR plus defibrillator within 3 to 5 minutes of collapse can produce survival rates as high as 49% to 75%
Early advanced life support followed by post resuscitation care
A medical professional (Doctor/nurse/ paramedic) trained in Basic Life Support (BLS) can perform 3 or possibly all 4 of these time sensitive actions for the victims of VF SCA.
It is essential for health professionals to know the BLS sequential assessments and actions.
At, the end of the workshop the participant will learn BLS and will become an important member of the society.
Please nominate participants from your hospital. There are, limited number of seats per batch.
Dr. S. Amir Raza Abedi
General Secretary PMA, Karachi
For registration: At PMA House call 2251159 , Rehan 03332367020
JOIN
PAKISTAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION,
(KARACHI, ONLINE GROUP)
&
BE IN TOUCH WITH THE LATEST IN THE MEDICAL FIELD.
SEARCH FOR 'pakistanmedicalass ociation' IN YAHOO GROUPS
OR
VISIT LINK AND CLICK ON JOIN:
http://health. groups.yahoo. com/group/ pakistanmedicala ssociation
DO NOT MISS.
Read more
Learn To Save Lives – Learn Basic Life Support
PMA joins hands with
Association of Pakistani-Decent Cardiologists of North America (APCNA)
Registration: Fee of Rs.300/ (for course material/test/ certificate/ tea).
Date: The course is being held on Thursday 15th July 2010
at 9:30 am to 1 pm. 25 participants will be enrolled on first come basis.
Venue: PMA House, Sir Aga Khan Road . Karachi
Many SCA victims can survive if bystanders act immediately while ventricular fibrillation (VF) is still present but successful resuscitation is unlikely once the rhythm deteriorates to asystole.
The American Heart Association uses 4 links in a chain the “Chain of Survival”
Early recognition of the emergency and activation of the emergency medical services
Early bystander CPR: immediate CPR can double or triple the victims chance of survival from VF SCA
Early delivery of a shock with a defibrillator: CPR plus defibrillator within 3 to 5 minutes of collapse can produce survival rates as high as 49% to 75%
Early advanced life support followed by post resuscitation care
A medical professional (Doctor/nurse/ paramedic) trained in Basic Life Support (BLS) can perform 3 or possibly all 4 of these time sensitive actions for the victims of VF SCA.
It is essential for health professionals to know the BLS sequential assessments and actions.
At, the end of the workshop the participant will learn BLS and will become an important member of the society.
Please nominate participants from your hospital. There are, limited number of seats per batch.
Dr. S. Amir Raza Abedi
General Secretary PMA, Karachi
For registration: At PMA House call 2251159 , Rehan 03332367020
JOIN
PAKISTAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION,
(KARACHI, ONLINE GROUP)
&
BE IN TOUCH WITH THE LATEST IN THE MEDICAL FIELD.
SEARCH FOR 'pakistanmedicalass ociation' IN YAHOO GROUPS
OR
VISIT LINK AND CLICK ON JOIN:
http://health. groups.yahoo. com/group/ pakistanmedicala ssociation
DO NOT MISS.
A
0- Aa
Aagenaes syndrome
Aarskog Ose Pande syndrome
Aarskog syndrome
Aase Smith syndrome
Aase syndrome - Ab
ABCD syndrome
Abasia
Abdallat Davis Farrage syndrome
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Abdominal cystic lymphangioma
Abdominal defects
Abdominal musculature absent microphthalmia joint laxity
Abdominal neoplasm/s
Aberrant subclavian artery
Ablepharon macrostomia syndrome
Ablutophobia
Abnormal systemic venous return
Abruzzo Erickson syndrome
Absence of Gluteal muscle
Absence of tibia with polydactyly
Absent corpus callosum cataract immunodeficiency
Absent T lymphocytes - Ac
Acalvaria
Acanthocheilonemiasis
Acanthocytosis chorea
Acanthocytosis
Acanthosis nigricans
Acatalasemia
Accessory deep peroneal nerve
Accessory Navicular bone
Accessory pancreas
Achalasia alacrimia syndrome
Achalasia microcephaly
Achalasia, familial esophageal
Achalasia
Achalasia-Addisonianism-Alacrima syndrome
Achard syndrome
Achard-Thiers syndrome
Acheiropodia
Achondrogenesis Kozlowski type
Achondrogenesis type 1A
Achondrogenesis type 1B
Achondrogenesis type 2
Achondrogenesis
Achondroplasia Swiss type agammaglobulinemia
Achondroplasia
Achondroplastic dwarfism
Achromatopsia incomplete, X-linked
Achromatopsia
Acid maltase deficiency
Acidemia, isovaleric
Acidemia, propionic
Acitretine antenatal infection
Ackerman syndrome
Acne rosacea
Acne
Acoustic neuroma
Acoustic schwannomas
Acquired agranulocytosis
Acquired hypoprothrombinemia
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Acquired ichthyosis
Acquired prothrombin deficiency
Acquired syphilis
anger irritation syndrome[ais]
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